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MICROFLUIDIC FUEL CELL: A MINIATURIZED ELECTROCHEMICAL / BIOELECTROCHEMICAL POWER SOURCE
Last modified: 2014-10-15
Abstract
Rapid-developing portable electronic devices has spurred the demand for compact power sources with high energy density and high power density. At the present stage, conventional batteries need substantial improvement to keep pace with the increasing power demand. Miniaturized fuel cells (e.g., DMFC) can produce high power density and function for a long time without recharging. However, the mechanical restraint will emerge in the further miniaturization. More importantly, the proton exchange membrane (PEM), which is one of the most important components of fuel cells, induces several technical challenges including water management, fuel crossover and degradation. This has hindered the commercialization and requires further study.As another technical avenue, the development of microfluid has provided a novel method towards miniaturized power sources. In a microfluidic channel, multistream can form a co-laminar flow to segregate the fuel and oxidant. Consequently, the PEM and PEM-related problems can be successfully eliminated, resulting in appearance of the membraneless microfluidic fuel cell (MMFC). In particular, the air-breathing microfluidic fuel cell (AMFC) can further eliminate the oxygen transfer limitation by integrating a gas diffusion electrode, thereby enabling higher performance and potential fuel reutilization. Nevertheless, due to consumption and inefficient diffusive mass transfer, a fuel concentration boundary layer can generate over the planar anode and induce considerable fuel transfer resistance, Hence, the cell performance can be limited by the fuel transport, especially at high current densities. Furthermore, as the catalytic surface was only deposited on the channel wall in most existed reports, bulk of the fuel stream can hardly be involved in the anode reaction, thus resulting in low fuel utilization rate.To enhance the fuel transport, two kinds of strategies were conducted by our group. One is to manipulate the fluid flow condition and the other is to improve the anode architecture. Fig. 1 schematically depicts the two kinds of strategies. For flow manipulation, an AMFC with a flow-through anode was proposed to convectively enhance the fuel transport. The cell performance were studied experimentally. In addition, to elucidate the interaction and trade-offs among fluid flow, mass transfer and the electrochemical reactions, a 3-D computational model was developed for AMFCs with flow-over and flow-through anodes.Fig.1 Schematic illustration of the two kinds of strategies to enhace the fuel transport.For anode architecture improvement, an AMFC with an array of cylinder anodes was proposed to volumetrically extend the anode surface area and to improve fuel utilization. Meanwhile, a novel method for electrodepositing Pd catalyst layer on the cylinder electrode was demonstrated. Intriguingly, CO2 gas bubbles can be constrained within the anode array and expelled by the fluid flow periodically when acidic electrolyte was adopted. The cell was further refined by integrating a cathode current collector and employing the alkaline electrolyte. As a result, over 100 % power density improvement was achieved. In addition, a 3-D computational model was developed to obtain a deep understanding of the interaction among fluid flow, fuel transport and current generation. Guided by the modelling result, a new cell architecture was designed and fabricated, and ~ 100 % power density increasement was obtained.In addition, the MFC can also serve as a bioelectrochemical power source and a platform for detecting poison species. We proposed a Y-shaped microbial MMFC to convert the chemical energy in waste water to electric energy. The effect of microchannel geometry was discussed and the biofilm distribution along the microchannel was visualized. In addition, the similar cell architecture was employed as a hexavalent chromium concentration sensor. The correlation between current density and chromium concentration was developed.
References
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