Last modified: 2014-10-08
Abstract
Instead of using a DMFC hardware as an elementary Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, it is possible to produce clean hydrogen at the Pt/C electrode negatively polarized by applying a positive electrode potential at the Pt-Ru anode. In this way the DMFC hardware works as an elementary electrolysis cell with hydrogen generation at the Pt/C cathode by electro-reduction of the protons coming from methanol oxidation at the Pt-Ru anode and crossing over the protonic membrane. The elementary electrochemical reactions involved are:
CH3OH + H2O ® CO2 + 6 H+ + 6 e- anode reaction (1)
6 H+ + 6 e- ® 3 H2 cathode reaction (2)
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CH3OH + H2O ® CO2 + 3 H2 overall reaction (3)
with the thermodynamic data DHo = + 131.5 kJ/mole and DGo = + 9.3 kJ/mole for the overall reaction (3), so that the anode potential is Ea+ = + DGo/6F ≈0.016 V/SHE and the cell voltage under standard conditions is Uocell = Ea+ - Ec- ≈0.016 V where Ec-= 0 V is the cathode potential vs. the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE). Thus the electrochemical decomposition of methanol according to reaction (3), using a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrochemical Cell (PEMEC), is a more convenient and efficient process [1-2] to produce high-purity hydrogen than water electrolysis [3], since the theoretical cell voltage under standard conditions is much lower (Uocell = 0.016 V) than that of water decomposition (Uocell = 1.23 V).The DMFC hardware, provided by ElectroChem (ref.: EFC-05-02-DM), consists of a Pt/C electrode and a Pt-Ru (1/1)/C electrode of 5 cm2 surface area separated by a Nafion 117 membrane. The cell was polarized at a constant current density, j (from 1 to 100 mA cm-2), using a potentiostat and the methanol anode potential was deduced from the cell voltage since the hydrogen evolution cathode can be used as a hydrogen reference electrode. In that way it was possible to obtain the methanol oxidation electric characteristics Emeth = f(j) at several methanol concentrations (from 0.1 M to 10 M) and several working temperatures (from 25°C to 85°C). These methanol oxidation characteristics, corrected from ohmic losses due to membrane and interface resistances, were then analysed leading to the transfer coefficient, the reaction order vs. methanol and the heat of activation. Moreover the volume of evolved hydrogen, measured at different time and applied current intensity, follows the Faraday law.
References
[1] Z. Hu, M. Wu, Z. Wei, S. Song, P.K. Shen, J. Power Sources, 166 (2007) 458.
[2] S.R. Narayanan, W. Chun, B. Jeffries-Nakamura, T. I. Valdez, US Patent 6533919, March 18, 2003.
[3] P. Millet, F. Andolfatto, R. Durand, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 21 (1996) 87–93.